November 16, 2024

 

INTRODUCTION

Raila Odinga’s propagandists and benefactors must be confronted and exposed for who they truly are. Through deception and self-branding, Raila has systematically captured sections of the left, progressives, NGOs, bourgeois academia, journalists, and public assemblies, turning them into vehicles for spreading his propaganda. This has brought confusion and stagnation within the Kenyan left, undermining the revolutionary clarity required for true liberation.

Every so often, self-proclaimed ‘revolutionaries’ and progressives cleverly publish sophistry disguised as analysis, only to serve Raila’s agenda. This must no longer be tolerated. Confronting these narratives with facts and sharp ideological clarity is not a choice but a necessity. We have tirelessly trained young cadres within the movement, and we cannot allow confusion to fester and infect their revolutionary development.

The dialogue below is an exchange I had with Prof. Larry Gumbe (Nyambega, 2021), who consults for ODM, publishes Orange newsletter and has been part of the Kenyan left for decades. Oduor Ongwen (Ondieki, 2024), another key voice here, serves as an executive officer within ODM. Despite his past solidarity with Communist Party leaders and his claims to Marxism, Ongwen’s position is an example of the ideological wavering that fuels opportunism and disorients the movement.

This rebuttal aims to restore revolutionary clarity and expose the opportunist tendencies within Raila’s camp. The Kenyan left can only consolidate through sharp ideological struggle. There can be no room for confusion; the enemy must be named, exposed, and defeated. The principle enemy is the US imperialism and his local agents, Raila is an imperialist agent so he is an enemy of the Kenyan National project just like Ruto.

 

Larry Gumbe: What are these merits you use in determining fitness for leadership? How have you applied the same in the past? Based on his record spanning about four decades, Raila has something to offer Kenya and Africa:

 

1. Raila was a key figure in the fight for the return to multiparty democracy and good governance in Kenya in the 1980s and early 1990s. He was incarcerated for nine years because of his efforts.

 

2. Raila played a significant role in defeating KANU and Moi, leading to Kibaki’s election in 2002. It was Kibaki and the Mount Kenya Mafia who reversed our unity and gains by rubbishing the LDP-NAK MoU and making bizarre tribal appointments.

 

3. As Minister of Roads, Raila initiated an ambitious road construction programme. Remember, he was accused of ethnically targeted demolition of houses built on land reserved for roads.

 

4. In 2008, Raila agreed to serve as Prime Minister alongside someone he had defeated in the presidential election. He worked tirelessly to ensure we secured the 2010 Constitution.

 

5. As AU High Representative on Infrastructure, Raila championed the connection of Africa through highways and railways. He promoted electricity generation infrastructure projects such as the Grand Inga Dam in Congo.

 

6. Raila facilitated negotiations leading to the formation of a grand coalition in Zimbabwe between Mugabe and Tsvangirai after a highly disputed election. Similarly, he mediated in Côte d’Ivoire.

 

7. One may discern contradictions and failings in Raila—as in all human beings. However, Raila is eminently qualified to lead at the AU.

 

Booker Omole: Poor Raila: Dragging the Legacy of Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Through the Mud. Prof. Larry Gumbe, your post is nothing but a failed pacifier—an insincere attempt to redeem your masters. Raila is a big factory. Those who eat from this factory, built on the blood of some of the finest poor sons and daughters, will drag him to the point of senility in the 2027 presidential elections. Sometimes you joke too much. Raila is nothing but an imperialist puppet—that is the reality we must acknowledge. Let us fact-check what you have shared.

 

1. THE MAKERS OF HISTORY ARE THE MASSES, NOT INDIVIDUALS

Your glorification of Raila Odinga is not only flawed but reveals your dishonesty. Do not weaponise half-truths and half-lies to serve your ODM masters. History is not made by individuals but by the masses. Raila has merely been a temporary embodiment of the suffering of the less privileged, whose blood continues to flow in the streets. He is no hero compared to the martyrs who truly gave their lives for liberation.

Raila is dragging his father’s legacy through the mud—he is a man on an eating mission. Comradeship is not permanent; those who betray the masses must not expect reverence or favour for past actions. History has repeatedly revealed Raila’s opportunistic tendencies and his betrayal of progressive causes once his personal ambitions are met. Let us examine the facts:

 

2. RAILA’S RECORD AS AN IMPERIALIST STOOGE

a) Raila’s Betrayal of Revolutionaries

Raila has shown outright hostility to revolutionaries, surrounding himself instead with sycophants and mediocrity once his objectives are achieved. His leadership has been marked by betrayal of the masses’ trust, as he consistently aligns himself with imperialist interests. Most of his comrades who rejected his opportunism are only remembered in death—when Raila shamelessly attends their funerals to extract any remaining political capital from lifeless revolutionaries.

Raila Odinga's political career has been marked by a consistent betrayal of revolutionary ideals, aligning himself with imperialist interests while sidelining those who once supported him. As noted by Ochieng’ and Maxon (Ochieng’ & Maxon, 1992), post-independence political elites in Kenya, including Raila, often shifted alliances to maintain power, even at the expense of their earlier revolutionary rhetoric. His alliances with the ruling class, as highlighted by Okello and Mboya (Okello & Moya, 2010), reveal opportunism, obscuring his true political inclinations. (Khamisi, 2011) further correctly critiques Raila's history of betrayal, where personal ambitions and political survival have taken precedence over the masses' trust and revolutionary aspirations, leaving behind a legacy of opportunistic realignments and hollow rhetoric.

 

b) Raila’s Relationship with Israel

Despite fleeting progressive rhetoric, Raila has repeatedly demonstrated allegiance to imperialist forces. His pilgrimages to Israel, where he visits the Wailing Wall seeking alms, expose his willingness to prostitute himself to Zionism and global imperialism. In his 2012 (Anami, n.d.) trip where he met with senior Israeli officials, including Prime Minister Netanyahu. His visit to the Wailing Wall, a symbol of Zionist claims, highlights his public alignment with Israeli imperialism despite its ongoing occupation of Palestine. Such actions contradict his supposed anti-imperialist stance and reveal Raila as an opportunist, willing to collaborate with global imperialist powers for personal political gain. This behavior confirms his alignment with Zionist interests, ultimately portraying him as a figure of betrayal to the causes of national liberation and anti-imperialism.

 

c) Raila on Zimbabwe’s Land Question

Raila Odinga's support for Morgan Tsvangirai and his party, the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC), reveals his alignment with Western imperialist interests, particularly during the Zimbabwean government's struggles (Siele, n.d.). Despite presenting himself as a champion of African sovereignty, Raila's position on Zimbabwe's land question, which was key to the nation's post-colonial self-determination, exposed his willingness to prioritize foreign-backed agendas. Raila’s endorsement of Tsvangirai, an imperialist stooge, further demonstrates his opportunism and compromises on African unity (ZimSitRep_M, 2018). This confirms Raila's broader strategy of seeking alliances that serve his political aspirations, even at the expense of the principles he once he claimed to espouse.

 

d) Raila’s Role in Côte d’Ivoire

As a so-called “peace mediator,” Raila shamelessly sided with French imperialism and its puppet, Alassane Ouattara, against Laurent Gbagbo, a true anti-imperialist leader. He turned his guns on Gbagbo and further humiliated him by offering a lecture position in imperialist countries.

Raila Odinga's role in the Côte d'Ivoire crisis, particularly as a mediator in the aftermath of the contested 2010 elections, reveals his alignment with French imperialist interests. As part of the African Union's peace mission, Odinga sided with Alassane Ouattara, who was backed by Western powers, and insisted that the incumbent Laurent Gbagbo to relinquish power despite Gbagbo's electoral victory (Nation Media, 2020). The Odinga led scripted mediation by Western imperialist forces and France's military involvement in the region one can only come to one conclusion Raila is rented by imperialism to oversee their affairs in African continent, Raila has no interest in African affairs. (East African, 2020) Raila's actions exemplify his alignment with Western-backed leaders rather than standing with genuine anti-imperialist forces, as he worked to secure Ouattara’s control, even at the cost of Ivory Coast sovereignty.

 

e) Raila’s Betrayal on Western Sahara

Raila’s duplicity regarding Western Sahara is undeniable. During the Nusu Mkate coalition, Raila used then-Foreign Minister Raphael Tuju to deport the Western Sahara ambassador after accepting bribes from Morocco. This betrayal became evident when Raila shamelessly attended the sellouts Dakhla Conference in Morocco, aligning himself with forces opposed to the Sahrawi people’s liberation struggle.

 

f) Raila’s Local Complicity in Imperialist Exploitation

Raila has supported the Anglo Leasing payments, the Adani Group, and other multinational interests that continue to rob Kenyans of their resources. He habitually cavorts with foreign interests and multinationals, trading Kenya’s sovereignty for personal gain.

 

3. Raila: A Manufactured Brand, Not a Revolutionary

Your attempt to whitewash Raila’s past exploits ignores reality: Raila has commodified his imprisonment, using it as a brand promoted by capitalist media to sell himself as a “revolutionary.” This is hogwash. True revolutionaries do not betray the masses or become agents of imperialism.

 

4. Raila’s Role in Ruto’s Criminal Enterprise

Raila’s recent political manoeuvres expose his complicity in Ruto’s criminal regime. His grievances with Ruto stem not from ideological differences but from jealousy that Ruto has outperformed him in securing imperialist support. Raila’s AU ambitions fit into this trajectory—joining a backward, anti-people club of imperialist-backed heads of state. His goal is not to liberate Africa but to position himself closer to imperialist power centres.

 

5. Raila’s Deception Through Tribal Politics

Raila’s defenders insult the intelligence of the Luo masses by celebrating the appointment of a “Luo criminal” to the Treasury as an achievement. This tribal deception does nothing for the oppressed Luo people; it only serves Raila and his cronies’ elite interests.

Raila captured progressive forces and deceived them into believing that he alone holds the masses. Your glorification of Raila Odinga as a progressive leader is a dishonest attempt to erase his betrayals and service to imperialism.

Raila Odinga is not the change Kenya or Africa needs. He is a proven agent of imperialist forces, a servant of the status quo complicit in the exploitation and suffering of the masses. The oppressed Kenyan people deserve leadership that prioritises their liberation, not opportunistic individuals who sell their souls to imperialists while masquerading as revolutionaries. Raila’s track record exposes him for what he truly is. True change will come from the masses themselves—not from individuals like Raila. Let us not be deceived.

 

Prof. Larry Gumbe: My good friend Booker, please reread my post.

Is there anything untrue about Raila’s role in fighting for multipartism?

Is there anything untrue about Raila’s role in the defeat of KANU and Moi in 2002?

Is there anything untrue about Raila’s role in road network development?

The AU is mostly a moribund institution. It cannot be led by revolutionaries. I made no claims about anti-imperialism or progressive credentials.

You have said one big lie. Unlike some of you, I have no political masters. I also do not make such irresponsible claims idly.

 

Booker Omole: Prof. Larry Gumbe, Not Again! Since the 2nd Congress, we have taken a clear stance to challenge Raila’s propagandists—not because we expect them to change and join the revolution, but to provide a correct analysis that shields our young cadres from the rampant corruption and one-sided narratives dominating leftist discourse. The struggle in the so-called left must now be intensified; it must be a war of polemics anchored on the science of history.

 

Your post reflects nothing more than carefully packaged sophistry aimed at deflecting the core issues I raised. Let us now address your points with the clarity they deserve. We are tired of these nonsensical claims about Raila, especially those emanating from the left.

 

1. Raila’s Role in Multipartyism

You ask whether Raila played a role in fighting for multiparty democracy. Yes, he did—but let us not confuse participation with leadership or principle. The fight for multiparty democracy was led by the masses—workers, students, and progressive forces—who paid the price with blood and tears. Raila merely positioned himself to capitalise on that struggle, ultimately aligning himself with imperialist interests when the spoils of that victory were in sight. He did not initiate it, nor did he ever lead it.

 

2. Raila’s Role in the Defeat of KANU and Moi (2002)

Again, you exaggerate Raila’s significance. Raila was part of a broader coalition of forces that defeated Moi’s KANU. To paint him as the linchpin is dishonest and opportunistic. The real power behind that victory was the unity of the masses and progressive forces who were tired of decades of KANU dictatorship. Raila joined that wave for his own political expediency—not as a revolutionary leader committed to the liberation of the masses. He is a benefactor, not a vanguard.

 

3. Raila and Road Network Development

To glorify Raila for his role in infrastructure development is to expose your own lack of revolutionary analysis. Roads are not built as a gift to the masses but as pathways for capitalist exploitation—routes for multinationals to transport resources extracted from the labour and land of the oppressed. Raila, as part of successive regimes, facilitated these projects in service to capital, not as part of a transformative agenda for the people. We have not even analysed the nepotism, tribalism, corruption, and outright theft that accompanied these so-called development projects.

 

4. On the AU Being Moribund

You admit that the AU is a moribund institution. We agree. But this does not excuse Raila’s ambitions to lead it. It is precisely such “moribund institutions” that imperialist puppets gravitate toward, using them as platforms to consolidate their alignment with the forces of global exploitation. Raila’s bid for AU leadership is not about reforming it for African liberation but about deepening his proximity to imperialist power centres.

 

5. On Your “Lack of Political Masters”

You claim to have no political masters. Perhaps you believe this, but your words and posture tell a different story. You parrot the narratives of Raila’s defenders, seeking to sanitise his record while ignoring the core arguments I presented. You may not have direct masters, but your alignment with Raila’s legacy of betrayal and opportunism speaks volumes.

Prof, you continue to miss the point. Raila’s participation in historical events does not absolve him of his opportunism, his betrayals of the masses, or his subservience to imperialism. History will not judge him—or any leader—by their occasional alignment with the people’s struggles but by their consistent service to either the oppressed or the oppressors.

Raila’s track record places him firmly in the camp of imperialist collaborators. You cannot wish this fact away by listing token achievements. Revolutionary leadership demands unwavering commitment to the liberation of the masses—not a life spent hopping from one opportunistic alliance to another.

Let us speak the truth plainly, without embellishments or evasions: the masses make history, not Raila, not you, not me. To pretend otherwise is to betray the struggles of the oppressed for a better world. I await your further response, not in defence of Raila, but in defence of truth itself.

 

Prof. Larry Gumbe: Raila is eminently qualified for the AU job. I am not his propagandist. I am just stating a fact. If this fact is stated by others—so be it. Shouting and ranting will not change this position. This is the truth. The other truth is that I very consciously campaigned hard and voted for Mwai Kibaki. I knew that he was a conservative. At the next opportunity, I voted for Raila—I knew that he was not a revolutionary.

My good colleagues in CPUSA also campaigned and voted for Obama and Biden, in full knowledge that these gentlemen are conservative imperialists. Progressives in Britain have often voted for Labour. There are many other examples worldwide.

 

“Left-Wing Communism: An Infantile Disorder” of Lenin, 1920, is still very valid. Objective reality defines the best way forward. Sloganeering is not always useful.

 

Booker Omole: Prof. Gumbe, you have chosen an obviously dangerous path, but since it is your path, allow me to take you through it to its inevitable self-destruction. Revisionism is the deliberate effort of counter-revolutionaries to compromise the long-term interests of the working class for the short-term gains of a privileged minority. Quoting Lenin to defend an agent of imperialism is, indeed, the very essence of revisionism. But let us walk down that path together.

In his classic work Left-Wing Communism: An Infantile Disorder, Lenin addresses the struggle within the left and the necessity of forming alliances to defeat the primary enemy and advance the struggle. However, if imperialism is the principal enemy, how can it be revolutionary to support Raila—an agent of imperialism? He is nothing more than a rabid dog of imperialism, one that must be beaten decisively with a big stick, not glorified or even mentioned, especially in a leftist space.

 

1. Lenin’s “Objective Reality” and Your Misuse of Marxism

Lenin emphasised the need to grapple with objective reality, but he also condemned unprincipled alliances and opportunism that betray the working class. He criticised “infantile disorder” in the context of refusing to participate in bourgeois parliaments while building revolutionary movements. Lenin did not advocate endorsing conservatives, imperialists, or counter-revolutionaries. To equate voting for imperialist forces like Obama, Biden, or Kibaki with Leninist tactics is an intellectual distortion.

Lenin’s pragmatism was always guided by revolutionary strategy—not capitulation. There is a sharp difference between tactically engaging in existing systems to expose and mobilise the masses and openly endorsing imperialist agents without a revolutionary framework.

 

2. The Limits of “Lesser Evilism”

You proudly admit to having campaigned for Kibaki, fully aware that he was a conservative. You then voted for Raila, “knowing that he was not a revolutionary.” By your logic, progressives must resign themselves to endorsing the “lesser evil,” a practice that Lenin warned against when it turns into habitual compromise.

 

Your reference to CPUSA’s support for Obama and Biden only underscores this point. Instead of advancing the class struggle, such compromises serve to legitimise imperialism and confuse the working class. Lenin called this opportunism—a betrayal of revolutionary principles.

 

3. “Propaganda and Sloganeering”

You dismiss our critique of Raila as “ranting” and “sloganeering,” but this only exposes your inability to confront the facts we presented. Raila’s history—his alliances with imperialism, his betrayals of progressive causes, and his opportunism—has been laid bare. To evade these truths by appealing to “objective reality” is not Marxist analysis; it is sophistry.

 

4. On Raila and the AU

You claim Raila is “eminently qualified” for the AU job, yet you fail to explain how his record of serving imperialist interests advances the cause of African liberation. The AU is moribund, as you noted earlier, precisely because it is a playground for imperialist puppets like Raila. Supporting his candidacy is not pragmatism; it is capitulation.

Prof, let us not misuse Lenin to justify opportunism. Lenin’s writings demand that we remain firmly rooted in revolutionary principles while tactically navigating the real world. What you present is not Leninism but a surrender to bourgeois politics under the guise of pragmatism.

To paraphrase Lenin himself: “It is not difficult to be a revolutionary when revolution has already broken out… A real revolutionary works patiently to prepare the ground for revolution, not to defend the agents of the status quo.”

 

Prof Larry Gumbe: What is so difficult to understand:

            1.         Who finances the AU and its predecessor, the OAU?

            2.         Who controls the agenda of the AU?

            3.         Whose interests does the AU serve?

            4.         Is there room for a revolutionary at the helm of the AU?

            5.         With all the above facts in mind, who is eminently qualified to lead the AU?

 

Booker Omole: Prof. Gumbe, your position is clear but deeply troubling. By admitting that Raila is the right person to advance imperialist interests in the AU, you inadvertently expose the contradiction at the heart of your argument. Let us proceed logically:

 

1. Who finances the AU?

The AU is funded and controlled by imperialist powers—through direct financing and conditional support. This alone reveals that the AU is not an institution of African liberation but a tool for maintaining neo-colonial domination.

2. Who controls the agenda of the AU?

The imperialists, through their financial influence, set the agenda to serve their own interests—extracting Africa’s resources, ensuring pliant leadership, and suppressing revolutionary movements.

3. Whose interests does the AU serve?

It serves the interests of imperialism and the comprador bourgeoisie—local agents of foreign powers—at the expense of the working class, peasants, and oppressed masses of Africa.

4. Is there room for a revolutionary at the helm of the AU?

No, there is not. The AU’s structure is intentionally hostile to revolutionaries because it was never designed as a vehicle for African liberation. It is a moribund institution, as you yourself admitted.

5. With all these facts in mind, who is “eminently qualified” to lead the AU?

You say Raila. But what does this mean for the progressive or revolutionary African cause? It means legitimising an agent of imperialism to further entrench foreign domination. It means validating the betrayal of Africa’s working people. Raila’s qualifications, as you describe them, stem precisely from his loyalty to imperialist interests.

This is not a matter of pragmatism; it is a matter of principle. Revolutionaries do not applaud those who serve the enemies of Africa, nor do we compromise our analysis to accommodate agents of exploitation. If the AU is a tool of imperialism, then placing Raila at its helm only tightens the grip of imperialist control on the continent.

The question you pose is not one of leadership qualifications but of the AU’s role in perpetuating neo-colonial oppression. For revolutionaries, the answer is clear: we must expose and reject such structures and their agents, not celebrate them as “qualified.” The progressive and revolutionary African cause will not be advanced by those who serve imperialism—it will be advanced by dismantling the systems that sustain it.

 

Prof Larry Gumbe: Yes. The questions are about the leadership of the AU as it stands. We can examine the character and appropriateness of the AU later. Just like we thought Kibaki was best for Kenya as it was in 2002.

I will prepare a long article on all the above as soon as possible. I will try to delve into:

            1.         History of the AU

            2.         Usefulness of the AU

            3.         Alternatives to the AU, etc.

 

Booker Omole: Thanks. This will open up a wider debate, especially among the left. Remember, Raila has a following, and we cannot allow him to consolidate his camp through deception. Our ideas are competing against the popular narratives of the ruling class. Within the left, we must struggle against the decadence of capitalist society and direct our efforts toward the real enemy—the rented custodians of the neo-colonial state: the entire ruling class.

Attacking Ruto while glorifying Raila is merely an attempt to deliver the masses from one oppressor to another. We hope to take this debate further within our theoretical organs, Mpatanishi and Itikadi.

 

Oduor Ogwen: IT IS DIFFICULT TO BE RAILA ODINGA. They steal his victory and call him a “perennial loser of elections,” but he moves on for Kenya’s sake. When he leads maandamanos and protests for rights, they say he is a bloodthirsty enemy of progress and a lord of poverty engaged in economic terrorism against their businesses. When he stops maandamanos and keeps quiet, they ask why he is not talking!

They vote for his opponent only to turn around and blame him for joining the one they voted for, shouting he is a conman and traitor betraying them! After each election, those who deny him votes and rig his opponents into office demand he helps them fight the leader they voted for! When he goes for the position of Chairperson of the African Union Commission to serve Africa, they mount campaigns against him from Kenya—one may be forgiven for thinking Kenyans from some community will be voting in the AUC chairperson contest! Their political slave should be idling somewhere in Bondo! His competitors, not known for anything that can progress Africa, abruptly become the best Africa should have!

Raila is hated by people who do not even know why they hate him. All they know is that their parents and grandparents took an oath that a Luo will never be president of Kenya. It is worse that some of those who should support him naively join his haters in hating him! Being Raila is very difficult! But, hate him or love him, replacing Raila will not be easy.

 

Long live Baba. Long live Baba. Long live Baba. AND WE “THE LEFT” JOIN THE CHORUS! Good night.

 

Booker Omole: Is it not true that Raila’s actions confirm he is nothing but an imperialist puppet? I have already provided a few examples, and I will document more once Prof. Gumbe finally publishes his counter-thesis. Having said that, your sophistry lacks both depth and revolutionary clarity. To simply lament “it is difficult to be Raila” is to mystify a man who has betrayed progressive struggles for decades, aligning himself with imperialism and the comprador bourgeoisie.

Raila’s defeats are not stolen victories of a revolutionary leader—they are the outcomes of his opportunistic politics. When he mobilises the masses, it is not for their liberation but as leverage to cut deals with the very ruling class that oppresses them. When he stops the protests, it is not for “Kenya’s sake” but because he has secured his personal ambitions.

What this post ignores is class struggle. Raila is no messiah—he is a product and defender of the neo-colonial state, a system rooted in imperialist domination. It is dishonest to claim that opposition to Raila stems from tribal oaths or irrational hate. The Kenyan working class and the revolutionary left oppose Raila because he has repeatedly betrayed their trust, commodified their struggles, and served as a tool of imperialism—be it in Côte d’Ivoire, Western Sahara, or his complicity in local exploitation.

The so-called “left” that joins the chorus of Raila’s praise is either ideologically compromised or suffering from political confusion. Revolutionaries do not glorify opportunists; they expose them. Raila’s legacy is not one of liberation but of opportunism, co-optation, and betrayal. The revolutionary movement must resist the temptation to idolise individuals who serve imperialist interests, no matter how “difficult” their position may appear.

 

Let us not be deceived: the masses are the makers of history, not opportunistic individuals. Replacing Raila will not be difficult—the liberation struggle does not depend on one man, and it certainly does not depend on him.

I’m still waiting for a piece that clearly states Raila is not an agent of imperialism in Kenya. In our analysis, the principal enemy is imperialism, and to support Raila is to fight on the side of imperialism. There’s no “left” left in you.

The struggle continues. Forward to real liberation!

 

Reference:

Anami, L. (n.d.). Raila Odinga prays at Jerusalem’s Wailing Wall—The Standard. Retrieved December 16, 2024, from https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001239275/raila-odinga-prays-at-jerusalem-s-wailing-wall

East African. (2020, August 9). Inside story of Raila’s no nonsense negotiations with incumbent Gbagbo. The EastAfrican. https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/inside-story-of-raila-s-no-nonsense-negotiations-with-incumbent-gbagbo-1301840

Khamisi, J. (2011). The Politics of Betrayal: Diary of a Kenyan Legislator. Trafford Publishing.

Nation Media. (2020, July 3). Cote d’Ivoire’s Gbagbo rejects mediator Raila. Nation. https://nation.africa/kenya/news/africa/cote-d-ivoire-s-gbagbo-rejects-mediator-raila-753586

Nyambega, B. (2021, April 25). Ruto recruits ex-Kibaki team to draft economic strategy. Nation. https://nation.africa/kenya/news/politics/ruto-recruits-ex-kibaki-team-to-draft-economic-strategy-3375804

Ochieng’, W. R., & Maxon, R. M. (1992). An Economic History of Kenya. East African Publishers.

Okello, D., & Moya, T. (2010). Contemporary Kenyan Politics: Issues, Trends, and Challenge.

Ondieki, E. (2024). NTV Kenya: Goodbye George: ODM boss Ong’wen legally drops ‘European’ name. NTV Kenya. https://ntvkenya.co.ke/news/goodbye-george-odm-boss-ongwen-legally-drops-european-name/

Siele. (n.d.). Raila’s Speech Excites Mourners at Morgan Tsvangirai’s Funeral—Kenyans.co.ke. Retrieved December 16, 2024, from https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/27153-railas-speech-excites-mourners-morgan-tsvangirais-funeral

ZimSitRep_M. (2018, February 16). Odinga Mourns Tsvangirai. Zimbabwe Situation. https://www.zimbabwesituation.com/news/odinga-mourns-tsvangirai/